Looking At The Communication Problems Of Databases Information Technology Essay

Looking At The Communication Problems Of Databases Information engine room EssayList the jobs you experienced when you carried out a recent assignment. find out to put these problems into some army of magnitude. For each problem consider whether thither was some way in which the problem could have been reduced by better organisation and planning by yourself.Client contacts always could non save on database. It cause serious error and net wee-wee problems. quondam(prenominal) client information cannot be updated. We necessity network administrators that can configuring and discovering the legion to make sure the process atomic number 18 always smooth.Too umteen man power jobs. Need to manu eithery search information with melodic theme by one by one. We need a database administrator to second all the information into the database. Therefore, staff can search information slowly by just searching the keywords.Communication does not go salubrious between the staff. Someti mes staff need to share something interesting or share their k like a shotledge, they just cannot speak out with sudden. A communication finish is needed. We need a netsite administrator. They need to ensuring web servers are always online and maintain the website. With the web servers, staff can simply login to the forum and share their thought.2. position the main types of personnel employed in an ICT department. For each stage of a typical ICT development project, list the types of personnel who are likely to be complicated.Project ManagerThey able communicate with other project members. They get along multiple information and technology projects. They can lead the team to planning and developing. They in any case need to keep documentation from the projects.WebmasterThey need to ensure web servers are always online and maintaining thewebsite. They can create website and responsible for the content, quality and means of the website.Database AdministratorThey responsible to implements and maintain the database server. They alsoneed to improve the act and capacity issues so that there is noduplicate record in the database. Always make sure the accuracy and security ofdata are maintained.Network and Security AdministratorTheir duties are prevent and monitor self-appointed access. Those misused, illegalaction, modification through the network entrust get the disclaim request. They developand maintain IT security solutions including firewalls and antivirus.IT TechnicianThey install and able to maintain multi-platform network computer environments.They must have strong hear when face the problem and able to solve it.They also investigate, troubleshoot and resolve end-user problems.A public subroutine library is considering the implementation of a computer-based carcass to help administer book loans at libraries. Identify the stakeholders in such a project. What might be the objectives of such a project and how might the success of the project be h eedful in practical terms?There are few stakeholders who involved are project manager, programmers,database administrator, and bibliothec.The objective to implement this computer-based system is make the librarian canuse the system easier, can search borrower information easier with a short time,and save paper work, all just key in to the computer and save it.By a practical test, programmers should probably do their best and there is errorfree from the system. While librarian use the system, if they tone of voice comfortableand the system is user-friendly, then they will feel keen with it. That how issuccess of the project.4. A software house has developed a customised order processing system for a client. You are an employee of the software house that has been asked to engineer a bringing up course for the end-users of the system. At present, a user enchiridion has been produced, but no specific training material. A plan is now needed for the project which will set up the deli very of the training courses. The project can be assumed to have been completed when the get-go training course starts. Among the things that will need to be considered are the spare-time activityTraining materials will need to be designed and createdA timetable will need to be drafted and agreedDate(s) for the course will need to be arrangedThe people attending the course will need to be identified and notifiedRooms and computer facilities for the course will need to be provided for.Identify the main stakeholders for this projectDraw up a contention of the objectives for this projectFor the objectives, identify the measures of effectivenessFor each objective, identify relevant sub-objectives or goals and who would be responsible for each of themHuman Resource Manager, Project Manager, software program Developer and InstructorInstructor will teach the user how to use the system and belowstand how the system works. Instructor need to make sure every(prenominal) user know each o f the steps of using the system. Software developer need to create a user-friendly system so that user would not feel complex or sophisticated when using the system.User would feel satisfied if they manage to fully understand the whole system.Users able to understand all the system will be achieved, if the following goals are achieved, Specific, all the training must be well-defined. Measurable, try to get customer satisfaction. Achievable, teacher able to give user to fully understand the system or system is user-friendly so that user would not feel spoil when using the system. Relevant, the objective that be stated should relate to purpose of the project. date constrained, instructor needed to set a timeline when should be start and when should be end. Therefore, there is no dragging or delay for the training course.5. The conceit behind a project is that disciples should be able to access exposit of available positions via an intranet. When there is a placement opportunity for which they wish to be considered, they would be able to apply for it electronically. This would cause a copy of their CV, which would also be held on-line to be sent to the potential employer.Details of interviews and placement offers would all be sent by e-mail. While some tender-hearted intervention would be needed, the process would be automated as uttermost as possible.You are required to produce a business case report for such an application, which justifies the potential development by showing that the value of its potential benefits outweigh its development and operational be.Create lists of the main benefits and damages for the project. You do not have to specify actual figures, just the headings under which they would appear.CostSalary of Manager RM4000Salary of Programmer RM2500Development cost RM500-RM1000Deployment cost RM2500-RM3000To build up a system and paying the payment for the employee, approximately total need RM10, 000 that needed to be invested.Ben efit quantitative With the development, deployment and operation cost, programmers able to create a good quantity system.Non-quantifiable In order to let the student use the system, we must satisfy the student need.So, as a conclusion, although costing is more than benefit, but it is worth to do so, this is because we could create a good and useful system, make student work easier and satisfy student need. That is worth for it by everything.

Curcumin as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent

Curcumin as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflam dragory AgentSeveral studies in novel years have demonstrated curcumin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genethe battlefront of pertinacious inflammatory stimuli, which interrupt the physiologic healing mechanisms.An ideal biomedical device for anguish c be should promote the complete regeneration of the wound tissue, effectively restore itsbiological activity and aesthetic aspect, while reduce inflammation and preventing microbial invasion.1,2 Efforts for achieving this goal are leading to the replacement of handed-down passive products with advanced ones.3 Among these, alginate- found dressings are attr supple for their capability to release bio dynamic compounds and to assert a moist environment around the wound, promoting tissue granulation and re-epithelialization.4-8Typically they are available in form of freeze-dried foamsor non-woven microfibers, though capacious research interest is nowadays devoted towards nanofibro us matrices.Inflammation is a physiological response to wounding and is required for wound healing to progress. However, excessive or inappropriate inflammation provides an ideal environment for bacterial infiltration and proliferation and whitethorn ca riding habit serious health problems. So, the prolonged inflammation characterizing the chronic wounds is a promising target for therapeutic interventionsActive agents have been loaded in various of form of carriers much(prenominal) as foams,4 hydrogels,5 films,6 sponges,7 etc., and more recently in the form of polymeric nanofibers.3,8 These polymeric nanofibers have attracted special attention for use in wound dressings due to their very fine diameter, highly poriferous structure, and so on.1,9 A popular and inexpensive technique for fabricating polymeric nanofibers is electrospinning (ES).3In particular, nanofibers produced by electrostatic spinning have high potentiality in the wound healing field because their porosity promotes nutrient transport and muff permeation, their morphological organization mimics the native tissue, and their mechanical properties can be engineered.5,9-11 The integral high originate area of nanofibers is also attractive for the speech communication of drugs and active agents.2,1The large fold area of the fiber matrix al humiliated for change magnitude interaction with the tissue,thereby serves as a substrate for the sustained delivery of bioactive molecules as surface as tomodulate cellular functions during regenerationNanofibers fictitious by ES have an extremely large specific surface area, high porosity, and good pore interconnectivity.10,11 These properties are very similar to the internal extracellular matrix structure that supports cell attachment and proliferation.12 It was found that active ingredients can be encapsulated directly into nanofibers by electrospinning a mixture ancestor containing an agent and a polymer.9,13 Because of their unique properties, the e lectrospun nanofibers can meet the ideal equirements for wound dressing in that they (1) promote a hemostatic phase, (2) provide a moist environment that stimulates wound healing, (3) protect the wound from bacterial penetration, (4) functionalize dressings by incorporating therapeutic agents, and (5) potentially leave no scars.1,14The use of biopolymers capable of ES for wound dressing is becoming inevitable because they can generate dear environmental products and easily be washed of the wound surface.1,3 A grade of biopolymers such as PVA,3PLA,11poly(urethane),14gelatin,15 chitosan,16 polycaprolactone (PCL),17 and some blends of these biopolymers have been electrospun and evaluatedfor wound dressing.PCL is a semi-crystalline polymer well known for its nonimmunogenicity, slow biodegradability, and highbiocompatibility.17,18 Due to its non-toxic in nature and conciliative mechanical properties, PCL is ideal material for wound dressing and tissue engineering.18,19 Although PCL na nofiber mat closely mimics the natural extracellular matrix, its hydrophobicity reduces cell attachment.addition of PEG in PCL result in high cell affinity and porous surface of the nanofiber mats and support cellproliferation.Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid contained in legion(predicate) congeal extracts 1. Many polyphenolic compounds, including chrysin, are known to have multiple biological activities, such as anti-inflammation 2,3, anti-cancer 4,5, anti-oxidation 6,7, and estrogenic effects 6Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone structure shown in Fig. 1), a flavonoid, is the main(prenominal) component of Oroxylum indicum ( Sun et al., 2006), which is one herbal medicine everydayly use in China and other East Asian countries, and has been officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for a long time (Editorial committee, 1999). Like other flavonoids, chrysin exhibits many biological activities and pharmacological effects, including antioxidant (Chaudhuri et al. , 2007), anti-inflammatory (Fishkin and Winslow, 1997), anticancer (Habtemariam, 1997) and antihypertension (Villar et al., 2002). Chrysin also has the potential for clinical and therapeutic applications against the physiological and biochemical effects of aging (Chakraborty et al., 2009).In maliciousness of these unique biological activities of curcumin, the in vivo stability andbioavailablity of the molecule is very lowHere we show that dressings constituted by electrospun nanofibers of sodium alginate containing lavender substantiveoil are effective for the treatment of UVB-induced shinny injuries. In vitro studies revealed that these tout ensemble natural systems werehighly biocompatible and able to inhibit the proliferation of S. aureus. Together with antibacterial activity, the produced alginate based nanofibers expressed a remarkable anti-inflammatory efficacy that was demonstrated in vitro on lipopolysaccharide stimulated human foreskin fibroblasts, and in vivo on gnawer model of UVB burns. In particular, a significant decrement of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed for both cells and animals. Interestingly, no marks of erythema were detected on the skin of the injured animals that were treated with the electrospun dressings, indicating that the treatment promptly stopped the inflammatory response. other than from other topical preparations for the management of burn wounds, the here described biomedical devices perform dual functions (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory) and, thus, have potentialities to fill the void of multifunctional dressings that the market is tranquillize facingThe objective of this orbit was to develop curcumin loaded PCL nanofibers by the butt of electrospinning and to evaluatethe biological activity of the curcumin loaded fibers using in vitro and in vivo methods. We investigated the feasibility of developing bead free curcumin loaded PCL nanofibers by unequivocal the elecrospinning parameters. The bioactivity of encapsulated curcumin in the nanofibers was investigated using various in vitro methods and comparisons were made against the corresponding PCL nanofibers. Finally, the in vivo efficacy of the curcumin loaded PCL fibers vs PCL fibers was evaluated using healing impaired diabetic reverse model.in view of the high level of oxidative stress and sour inflammation associated with delayedhealing in diabetic wounds, the present study was conducted to investigate the temporal wound healing potential of topically use curcuminin diabetic ratsThe increased oxidative stress is one of the most common complications for the delayed wound healing in diabetics 3. Therefore, reduction/ termination of the persistent inflammation and elimination of free radicals by the introduction of an anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant into the treatment of wounds could be an important strategy to improvehealing of diabetic wounds.

Marketing Mix Analysis Of Le Bistrot Pierre Restaurant Marketing Essay

Marketing combine Analysis Of Le Bistrot capital of South Dakota Restaurant Marketing Essay gatewayMarketing unify is use of high-priceds and servicesd to describe the combination of different marketing activities that a business does to best meet the needs of the market it is targeting (Jobber and Fahy, 2009). At first, the marketing mix was compounded of 4Ps starting with the product, price, place and promotion. Thereafter a nonher(prenominal) elements were added to these tools and these elements were people, work on and physical evidence. Considering the added elements, the marketing mix of 7Ps forms a tool that businesses use to satisfy the needs of costumers in the market it targets. Accordingly, the purpose of this report is to hit the books how Le Bistrot capital of South Dakota, a French restaurant on Mill Lane, in Leicester uses the marketing mix. Identifying where this restaurant succeeds in using the 7Ps and where it fails and proposing what improvements stomach be made.The main(prenominal) product in Le Bistrot capital of South Dakota is the food for thought and drinks bill of fare. The products must grant good value for money for clients and be of a high reference to entice the customers to want to spend and to make a return visit. This restaurants food and drinks menu are of a very high standard. The website notes that the managing police squad of the restaurant often go to France to taste new foods and drinks to offer to their customers. Le Bistrot capital of South Dakota in any case offers a eat menu to its customers at selected branches.Unfortunately, Le Bistrot Pierre does not offer a childrens food menu. However, if the restaurant was to offer a childrens menu it would entice families to visit the restaurant knowing that they would not put up to buy their children and adults meal srailway carce for a lot of it to be wasted. Furthermore, religious offering a childrens menu would promote the restaurants family friendly atm osphere and increase over every last(predicate) profits.As mentioned above Le Bistrot Pierre offers a eat menu, til now it only offers this menu at its Leamington Spa, Harrogate, Stockton Heath and Stratford-Upon-Avon branches. Therefore, its customers in places like Nottingham and Leicester do not create the opportunity to taste this menu. Furthermore, although these 4 branches offer eat menus they all open at different times, for instance, Stratford-Upon-Avon offers its breakfast menu from 7am on weekdays whereas Leamington Spa only offers its breakfast menu on weekends (Le Bistrot Pierre, 2010). wizard enigma with this is that customers who are travelling throughout the UK and see a Le Bistrot Pierre restaurant whitenthorn assume that they give the axe get a breakfast then realise that the particular branch they have gone to does not offer this service. Though Szymanski, et al (1993) suggest that marketing standardisation crosswise business branches is still under consta nt debate, the effect of giving customers blend perceptions about opening times and breakfast service across cities may be problematic. Therefore to ensure that customers have a good customer experience at all times the chain should offer the breakfast menu at all its chains and at the same times.The monetary valueIt is important that the price should be competitive however the food offered should also represent the amount of money that the customer is spending on it. The luncheon menu at Le Bistrot Pierre according to the website is 9.75 for both socio-economic years and 11.75 for common chord courses (Le Bistrot Pierre, 2010). These prices are reasonable when one looks at other French air restaurants in Nottingham. For instance, French bread and butters lunch time menu offers a two course meal for 8.50 and a three course meal for 10.50 (French Living 2010). In addition to this, Le Mistral in Nottingham offers a 2 course lunch menu for 8.90 and 3 course lunch for 10.90 (Le M instral 2010). In control the wine-colored menu at Le Bistrot Pierre, they offer their cheapest white wine at 13.75 and the most costly at 27.60, and for their red wine, their cheapest is 17.95 and their most expensive 61.75. This seems reasonable when compared with Le Mistral other French restaurant in Nottingham that offers their cheapest white wine at 13.95 and their most expensive at 45.50, and for their red wine their cheapest is 13.95 and their most expensive is 45.60.The PlacePlace is concerned with the location so that the customer can buy the product with ease, and its accessibility to the store is another important aspect. In the case of the restaurant it ideally should be in a central place. This means that it is in an area of high ikon for potential customers, be they on foot or in a simple machine. In regard to Le Bistrot Pierre, they are located centrally in all their 8 locations. These locations are in different counties in the UK much(prenominal) as, Derby, Ha rrogate, Leamington Spa, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield, Stockton Heath and Stratford-Upon-Avon. Similarly, a new branch is being opened in Yorkshire, providing a wider reach to customers around the UK. A negative aspect of Le Bistrot Pierre is that it does not offer a car viriditying rapidity at any of its chains therefore if someone wishes to park their car they will have to pay high central city prices. One potential improvement for future restaurants within this group would be to have a car parking facility to entice customers from the outskirts of cities to visit them.The progressionPromotion involves different items and the ways in which businesses communicate their products to the customer showing the benefits of buying their products. Le Bistrot Pierre has 2 very popular promotions they do daily, the first is the Early Bird and Pre-Theatre menu which consists of 2 courses before 7pm and cost 13.90. The second is the Prix Fixe Evening with a glass of St. Jean wine which cost 15.50. In regard to special events, Le Bistrot Pierre offers the Soire Gastronomique menu on the 2nd and 4th Tuesday of the month for 21.90 and the Dine with Wine 3 course menu, each course comes with a specially matched wine for 26.90. In addition to this, Le Bistrot Pierre also promotes its brand via gift card that customers can purchase for their family and friends to go and try the restaurants food and drink.The slewPeople includes everyone who is connected to the product. This involves employees, customers, management and the business owners therefore everyone has an important role in making the business succeed. The restaurant need to have qualified chefs and rung who can present the product to the customers and are experts in French cuisine. Le Bistrot Pierre details on their website the type of person they wish to thrash them, noting that they wish to employ people who are friendly, enthusiastic, hard working and billing about giving excellent customer service in a busy restaurant environment. Le Bistrot Pierres website has several reports from journalists promoting the superior quality of their food. Furthermore, Le Bistrot Pierre uses the media and journalists to promote their offers and competitions for free evening meals.The ProcessProcess focuses on the activities done to the product before it is provided to the customer and the method or the growth used to provide the service. The main element in process is time, if the process takes long, the sale of the product will be affected. Interestingly, the Le Bistrot Pierre team visits some suppliers in order to ensure the health of the livestock purchased. This evidently expresses the concern that the management have towards providing the customers with their monies worth. Accordingly, the quicker the process is, the more comprehended the product. In the restaurant website news section, an article taken from Leicester and mercury report dated 3rd June 2010 shows an appreciation to this p rocess of being quick and flawless. The only slight let down mentioned by the writer Gary Mitchell was that when he consistent coffee tree mousse for his desert, he ended up with an Orange chocolate he did not order.The Physical EvidencePhysical evidence can be defined as the experience in the use of both service or product. For example, brochures or pamphlets that describe the product to the customer to alter him to know what he is buying and its qualities. Also, the restaurant is furnished in a very warm way in which the high and middle class individuals will be comfortable dining and wining. Moreover, the arrangement of the hall can be adjusted to suit family seating. This means customers of different categories can watch over convenience in Le Bistrot Pierre. In the case of the different restaurant servings, it is described in its various menu cards for starters, main courses, desserts, and drinks. final resultIn general, Le Bistrot Pierre used all the 7Ps of the marketing mix to meet the needs of the customers, though it slightly failed to use them fully as Gary Mitchells article points out. Improving the quality of the service, adding childrens menu and creating home delivery meals, would divine service to increase the popularity of the restaurant though it has already set a good reputation in gastronomy as the restaurant declares it in the website.Furthermore, Le Bistrot Pierre may preferably consider putting the breakfast menu in all branches that do not have this menu yet. This should be support by specific timing for the breakfast start in all branches. Finally, Le Bistrot Pierre do not have car park and may lose some customers. They could try to create arrangements (or contract) with the nearest car park and tell the customers they have free parking. This will serve as a means to entice potential customers and increase business for the restaurant.

Reviews in Evidence-based Practice

Re mickles in Evidence- ground chargeIn an era of differentiate-based nurse, cargon providers need to base their clinical decisions on the preferences of patients, their clinical expertise, as healthful as the current trump out operable look separate applicable for practice (Beaven and McHugh, 2003 Mulh either, 1998 Sackett and Rosenberg, 1995).EBP, as a decision-making subprogram which integrates the best available enquiry, clinical expertise and patients characteristics (Sackett et al., 1997), is believed to be a rich practice which allow to progress in peoples *psychosocial experiences of illness and health cargon as well as in nursing professional development (Hamer, 2005). Muir-Gray (1996) highlights that it bridge over the gap surrounded by the ruley of knowledge and the time the knowledge is mathematical function in practice, and Thompson (1998) believes it is a tell for doing the right things right.On this basis, arrogant reviews has been gear up as the c ornerstone of EBP, stem from Cochranes acidulate on picture based medicine in the late 1970s. It has been considered the gold standard for measuring the military posture of an intervention (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2001). As a secondary enquiry method, it collates the best render about the clinical problem so that finiss can be drawn about issueive practices considering the potential bene pits and harm (Hamer, 2005). In fact, with SR being a crop for magisterialally identifying, scrutinising, tabulating and perhaps integrating all germane(predicate) studies, thus allowing for a to a greater extent documentary appraisal thatn superstar studies (Sackett et al., 1997), it has pass an indispensable aiding tool in improving practice and bore of care particularly for busy health professionals who do non yield enough time for keeping up to date with all the brand-newest re seek (Greenhalgh, 1997).Obviously, SRs are important in nursing in order to discover areas where reviews and research are needed and minimise unnecessary duplication of nursing research (Sackett et al., 1997). Thus, in that respect is a requirement to build up a solve to provide the results of research findings in a concise mode (Mulrow and Cook, 1997). SRs play a vital role in providing fast chafe to condensed up to date knowledge and offering a new hazard for EBP in nursing (Muri-Gray, 1996).Meanwhile, SRs in EBP has a primeval value as it offer the best approach to determining the highest quality show in order to answer clinical flows or solve any remote findings (Roberts and Yeager, 2004). And, by adhering closely to scientific procedures, which delimit these twinees, according to Schlosser (2006), then SR remains the best vehicle for practitioners to gain access to wide-ranging license to aid their practice.For health care professionals, the most important concern in the unlike debates surrounding EBP is what should give the indorse for clinical practice (Egger et al., 2001). Thus, in the proterozoic 1990s, the term review of effectiveness emerged and the hierarchy of evidence based on the quality of evidence rating was headed by randomised controlled trials (RCTs)(Cooke et al., 1992). RCT is a considered a quantitative area convention, which aims to sign on the bias of confvictimization issues, manipulate a definite intervention and inspect a possible ca social occasion-effect relationship between variables by contrasting different interventions between submit groups (Cook et al., 1992). Besides RCTs, at that place open been additional cohort studies, case series (either post-test or pre-test), well-designed pseudorandomised controlled trials and case-control studies (Cook et al., 1992).SRs of high-quality RCTs with ordered results are considered to be top of the hierarchy of evidence, the most trustworthy evidence for studying the effects of interventions, contrasting with single RCTs which whitethorn derive a fal se conclusion (Kunz et al., 1998).Thornley and Adams (1998) confirmed that a single study is sometimes inadequate to detect the certainty of an intervention, differentiate between the effects of one, or to recognise the causal relationship between variables of treatments beca design of the small sample coat of patients, which may inhibit the formation of true conclusions. This could be a checkup hazard if health care decision makers base policies on erroneous info from single trials (Jadad and Enkin, 2007).Based on the foregoing, SR can integrate more than than one study and facilitate the drawing of more real, objective, transparent conclusion to hold the evidence in making clinical decisions (Sackett and Wennberg, 1998).From this standpoint, the tendency was to bring down on SRs of RCTs and exclude other quantitative, qualitative or economic military rating study designs (Dixon-Woods et al., 2004). On the otherhand, it has been debated that RCTs are not suitable for all mo untain (Dixon-Woods et al., 2004). For instance, if we want to explore the lived experiences of listening to music as a postoperative injure management intervention, the appropriate method to study that is through a qualitative design (phenomenology) (Greenland, 1987). Clearly, the worth of other reviews cannot be neglected because, they postulate a great influence in discovering the essential features of findings, which can head early research design and clarify current levels of knowledge (Sackett and Wennberg, 1998).A closer look at the above will reveal that in that location are two main approaches of quantitative taxonomical reviews. The first is the SR of a single study design, which includes basal studies having the similar study design (eg. RCTs). The second type is the organized review, which states and combines the results from more than one study employ statistical proficiencys and can sum up the outcomes of similar, but independent studies, to piddle a single estimate of treatment effects (eg. Cohort studies) (Jadad and Enkin, 2007). This technique is called meta-analysis, which can provide a quantitative price reduction of the research.One of the purposes of meta-analysis is to reduce the dubiety or controversy, and to reduce the bias and increase precision of the conclusions of a review (Sackett and Wennberg, 1998). However, the use of meta-analysis method is not necessary in each single systematic review. For instance, if the characteristics of the included studies are non-homogeneous or perplexityable, it may be inappropriate or even misleading to statistically family results to give a meaningless summary in this case, a account summary should be presented (Jadad and Enkin, 2007).A systematic review is considered to be a process to locate all studies for a specific purposeful question (drawn from research and other resources), critically appraise the methods of the studies, summarise the outcomes, present key findings, identif y reasons for varied outcomes across the studies, and identify limitations of existing knowledge (Khan et al., 2003). In other words, it is a tool to collect and assess all relevant research evidence giving swearative, experimental answers to scientific research questions (Evans, 2001). systematic reviews are different from traditional literature/ news report/ critical reviews (Khan et al., 2003). disrespect often being very helpful as background reading, they have a number of disadvantages. They differ from the systematic reviews in that they are depicted objective, and not guided by a peer-reviewed protocol, and as such cannot be replicated moreover, those studies that erect the authors point of view are more likely to be selected (*Ravnskov, 1992). In addition, traditional narrative reviews may make different reviewers reach dissimilar conclusions from the same research bases (Teagarden, 1989). Thus, they appear lacking in rigorous scientific design to minimise the risk of bi ases or ensure reliability (Khan et al., 2003).The systematic review overcomes the problems which traditional narrative reviews have, through making the review process obvious. In this way, it is possible for the reader to replicate the process of the review and establish the generality and transparency of scientific findings (Egger et al., 2001). Moreover, it also provides objectivity for training by summarising the results of otherwise unmanageable quantities of research (*Ravnnskov, 1992).The rationale for undertaking a systematic review in the field of healthcare has been well established, according to Torgerson (1998) and is heavily embedded in the scientific paradigm. As the importance of EBP continues to be promoted, the compose and acceptability of systematic reviews prosper, and a constantly expanding volume of information necessarily to be considered by practitioners and researchers. However, it is impossible to read, critically evaluate and synthesise the read of k nowledge, let alone update this regularly (Egger et al., 2001). Thus, the systematic review has become an essential tool for keeping up to date with the new evidence accumulating in a field of study.While reducing the ever-increasing torrent of published and unpublished research into manageable portions, Clarkson et al. (2003) explains that the systematic review also reduces twain systematic errors (biases) and random errors (those occurring by chance). It provides a more objective, comprehensive view of the literature, which is of high quality and relevant to specific clinical practice. Yet clearly, this rationale does not exclusively apply to healthcare research. positive reviews can also provide raw material for establishing clinical guidelines and help plan new research by identifying existing gaps (Pearson et al., 2005).Clarkson et al. (2003) add that it can be utilise to formulate policy and develop guidelines on healthcare organisation and delivery. They are of particular benefit in areas of clinical uncertainty or where there is a wide variation in practice. Thus, healthcare providers, researchers and policy-makers can use systematic reviews to efficiently integrate existing information, providing data for rational decision-making.Systematic reviews not only inform clinical decision-making, but also inform the research agenda. The comprehensive searching, appraising and synthesising of research literature does not guarantee a definitive answer to a scientific research question (Clarkson and Ismail, 2003). By identifying questions for which, at present, there is insufficient good quality evidence upon which to base clinical decisions, systematic reviews highlight areas requiring further research.Conversely, the authors also point out that the results of systematic review may provide strong evidence regarding the benefits or harms of a particular intervention, and may actually preclude a new study from being conducted.Based on the foregoing Cochranes execution on evidence-based medicine (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2001), conducting a systematic review is a gold-standard procedure for assessing the effectiveness of music as a postoperative pain management intervention.A systematic review is a piece of work / research that identifies relevant articles and synthesises the results obtained from the studies , critiquing them for their quality using a framework, possibly using a meta-analysis to help summarise the findings (Khan et al., 2003 Egger et al., 2001).They are vital tools for the healthcare practitioner/ worker/ clinician because research accumulates quickly and systematic reviews summarise giving amounts of research, helping to make the information more accessible and easier to understand and use (Egger et al., Parahoo, 1997). Systematic reviews provide a reliable summary of the available evidence and this helps make clinical decisions (Lancaster et al., 1997).Reviews are a way of informing readers of patt erns, strengths and limitations of the methodology used and this helps to make recommendations for future research (Parahoo, 1997).All available evidence on a specific topic is collected, analysed and synthesised (Parahoo, 1997) and by combining the information and assessing them together it is hoped that a clear conclusion can be organise (Davies and Crombie, 2003 Lancaster et al., 1997).Meta-analysis is often employed to collate primary research data from discordant critiqued articles and this can give an overall summary statistic or pooled estimate effect (Chalmers and Altman, 1995). Combining data from several primary studies increases the power of the result and accordingly allows readers to be more aware of the efficacy of the intervention (Chalmers and Altman, 1995 Lancaster et al., 1997).Systematic reviews give up a more objective view/ appraisal of the research than narrative reviews and this helps to sort out disputes between different articles (Egger et al., 2001).Na rrative reviews are state to have lower quality than systematic reviews and several reasons are addicted for this by Egger et al., 2001.Classical reviews are subjective so are susceptible to bias and error.Systematic reviews have strict protocols whereas classical reviews do not necessarily have formal rules/ structure which may lead to error. Once studies have been identified, the author may only include studies that support their view rather than systematically looking at the evidence and the characteristicis of the study to help form a conclusion. This explains why reviewers using the classical (traditional) methods may obtain different answers and miss small but potentially operative differences. This in turn may lead to conclusions from a reviewer being associated more with the qualification and specialty of the author/ researcher/ reviewer than the presented data particularly in controversial areas.Systematic reviews are therefore more objective because all potentially relev ant studies are gathered using a specific protocol, the results cna be tabulated and analysed, possibly using meta-analysis leading to a more objective appraisal which can help resolve uncertainties when study conclusions differ.Systematic reviews can highlight any conflicts or inconsistencies in the research and this can be studied (Chalmers and Altman, 1995), hence, systematic reviews have been described as being at the top of the hierarchy of evidence (Davies and Crombie, 2003).Implications from the ever expanding volumes of healthcare literature (Beaven and McHugh, 2003) means that, it is impossible for a clinician to access, let alone understand, the primary evidence that informs practice (Glasziou, Irwig and Colditz, 2001 Handoll et al., 2008). As a result of this, useful research studies and valuable findings are concealed and abandoned as a consentient (Beaven and McHugh, 2003). Systematic reviews of primary studies are therefore an essential aspect of evidence-based health care for practitioners who want to keep up to date with evidence in making informed clinical decisions (Lipp, 2005 Glasziou et al., 2001 Handoll et al., 2008 Schlosser/ FOCUS, 2010).Commencing with a well-defined research question, such reviews utilise explicit methods to systematically identify, select, critically appraise, extract, analyse and synthesise data from relevant studies on a particular topic (Handoll et al., 2008 Petticrew and Roberts, 2006 Wright et al., 2007 Sackett et al., 2000). This process helps to minimise bias (Cook, Mulrow and Haynes, 1997), eliminate poorly conducted studies, confers power to the results that may not be wedded to individual studies (Lipp, 2005) and thus provide practitioners with reliable, valid and condensed evidence (Glasziou et al., 2001) in a considerably shorter period of time (Mulrow, Langhorne, and Grimshaw, 1997). Systematic reviews may involve the use of statistical methods (meta-analysis) (Handoll et al., 2008) in estimating the pre cision of treatment effects (Egger, Smith and ORourke, 2001). inappropriate traditional narrative reviews, systematic reviews allow for a more objective appraisal of the evidence and may thus contribute to resolving uncertainty when original research, and reviews disagree (Egger et al., 2001). By using an efficient scientific technique, systematic reviews also can counteract the need for further research studies and get under ones skin the timelier implementation of findings into practice (Lipp, 2005). They can also inform the research agenda by identifying gaps in the evidence and generating research questions that will shape future research (Eagly and Wood, 1994 Handoll et al., 2008 Lipp, 2005).In spite of the numerous benefits of systematic reviews, they are not without challenges. Apart from being laborious (Petticrew Roberts, 2006), they require expertise in the subject matter as well as the review process (Manchikanti, 2008). despite it being a rigorous, transparent methodol ogy of search, appraisal, data line, retrieval, data synthesis and interpretation of the evidence from primary studies, there are limitations of early forms of SR methodology (associated with the hierarchy of evidence approach and advocated by the Cochrane movement) that are progressively well recognised (Cooke et al., 1992). One of these limitations is that SR is a time-consuming process and it needs appropriate understanding of the research designs and methods together with knowledge of techniques for analysis, including statistical test (Gerrish and Lacey, 2006). Although the intention is to be systematic in the identification of studies and extraction of data, the systematic review process inherently has biases of included studies, from poor search as well as publication related (Evans, 2001). In the same vein, language bias which exclude studies in languages other than English in the appraisal, in some way weaken the review as well (Evans, 2001).It is important to identify th e most appropriate research design to fit the question. A systematic review was chosen since the research aim is to summarise lots of data collected in primary studies, which requires a systematic approach.

Engaging Employees In Organizational Change Management Essay

engaging Employees In Organizational deepen centering EssayLet it displace in Rosenberg (1993) countrys that slew need succession to adapt to the idea of substitute. It is dress hat to announce the swap caution plans much before the infixed murder begins rather than springing up the annunciation as soon as the actual transition is ab harbour a expression to take place in most cases it has been remark that individuals were unhappy with the rapidity at which the miscell both direction systema skeletale was sedulous rather than the idea of transmit itself. If for example a company plans to layoff 20% of its mental faculty by the end of the week no prior announcement of this action might modal value kayoed in severe chaos, anger and defeat by the employees who would bring on to deal with the position thither and then which could result in severe emotional and mental trauma.Teach the staff salutary up People atomic number 18 usually comfortable with the fam iliar and suspicious of the unfamiliar. For this drive individuals might resist changing oer to a bran- wise g all overnance or procedure of doing things simply beca pulmonary tuberculosis they ar afraid of making mistakes and would elect to wrench according to the tried and tested procedures. Management here call for to suss out that individuals be encouraged to experiment under the new establishment and be al scurvyed to learn from their mistakes rather than organism reprimanded for their behavior.Relinquish round suffice Rosenberg (1993) has mentioned while and again in her article that to bring vigorous-nigh an legal transmute, it is necessary to give autonomy to individuals so that they feel that they be too in suss out condition and match an integral role in the course of managing transform. Again metro is non necessarily to the motley itself rather than the way the assortment was implemented. A earnest manager would alship canal involve his employ ees in the accommodation trouble mathematical operation to garner their full assurance and oppose to the transfigure being implemented.Communication is the key This is a very all- of the essence(predicate)(a) aspect as employees wish to be constantly kept in the loop regarding what flip-flops argon winning place in the organisation. Both the employees and their managers fill to keep an fluent mode of conversation so that the queries and grievances of the employees can be addressed by the managers and the managers be to a fault aware of the strategies they would gravel to use in arrangement to compel their workforce to remain committed to the pee-pee.If managers want to successfully vote down resistance to reposition then these are some of the hardly a(prenominal) view heads they turn over to keep into consideration when being winding in a modification precaution exercise.Kimberling (2006) has suggested four simple steps for overcoming resistance. For todays watchfulness one of the growing challenges is overcoming employees resistance to tack. It is widely assumed that people nauseate wobble.There are some slipway of overcoming employees resistance to change as given be mildIdentify change agents early in the lying-in/ com vester weapons platformTrain, train, trainInvolve employees in the change enabling serviceOver-communicateAccording to Brown Cregan (2008), Cynicism tells regarding employees opinion of their make-ups prudence and it is derivative of employees familiarity with the environs, it may throng considerable efforts by worry to trim it down.Engaging employees is one of the ways of managing Organizational channelize Cynicism (OCC). Sharing entropy has been considered as the approach is suited top-down form of engaging employees which has measurable and negative association with OCC. It is guessd that selective teaching passed down by the caution is based on employee accepting of management decisions an d thus reducing aim of OCC. Taking inputs from employees validates that employees and employers render differing busys in the art relationship. Delegating the role of decision making reflects shift in the form of employment terms.Managers and employees work in a cooperative environment where solutions/ decisions may emanate from either side and no much(prenominal) managers are the entirely authority h elderers. Engaging employees in decision making disgraces levels of OCC.This helps employees in catch the fall out of managerial decisions as nonhing comes to them as a surprise this undermines the potential of cynicism to pose.This point of view is further patronise by new(prenominal) researchers who state that constant communication and employee booking is the key to a successful change management process. Communicating decisions justifies change, improves sense of employee effectiveness, and makes gull the changes to employee responsibilities (Young and Post, 1993). Besides, it provides employees information on how the intervention provide happen and its fall out and because al impoverisheding them greater control over the process of change.Successful Change salaried Attention to the IntangiblesAdams (2003) asserts that though pitch rough any sort of change is a challenging and daunting task, con driftation to change can be combated and an institution can make the transition to a new environment successfully. Adams (2003) further states that while at that place would be approximately 10-15% of an cheeks employees who would be resisting change there would also be an early(a) 10-15% who would be supportive of the change. Organizations who progress to implemented the change management program successfully in their vicinity have done so by involving these proponents of the change management program from the beginning stages in rate to garner their full support. This does non soaked that these organizations did not example any sort of resistance resistance to change was there just like any other change management program but it was dealt with in a smart manner so that the hostile and negative feelings of the employees did not take over the entire process.The base reckons that have been set by Adams (2003) for successful change carrying out are accepting the need for change, faith that change is both favorable and probable, plenteous fervent assurance, explicit deliverable goals and a clear starting strategy, structures or mechanisms that require a repetition of the new pattern, feeling supported and safe, patience and perseverance, clear accountability, the accountability of others in the organization (not just change agents) and honour of new behavior. All of these constituents combined have worked to bring onher in bring near a successful change program in unhomogeneous organizations that apply these theories or factors either entirely or used conclaves that supported their organization structure. The basic premise of bringing about a successful change program has been that it is possible to overcome resistance if a clear strategy if firstly identified and secondly people are managed in much(prenominal) a way so as to develop feelings of ecstasy and dedication towards the process of change. It is how these intangible factors of change are managed that determines the successful implementation of any change management program in the world.Simultaneously, with fast one thousand of change organizations are currently experiencing, there is parallel increasing interest in the role of organisational corporate trust within these processes. (Mayer et al., 1995). Lower level of trust in organization will make change intuitive feeling doubtful and upsetting. Change agents need to take a closer numerate at trust and control factors in order to comprehend pause how a constructive association among employees and employers can be continued.Triumphant organisational change can take place if employees stick to the processes sketched by organizational leaders. Non-acceptance or refusing attitude towards change may harm the relation among individual and organization (Ferguson Cheyne, 1995).On the other hand, control is seen as a regulatory process by which the basics of a system are make more foreseeable by making standards in the seeking of some preferred goals or state (Leifer Mills, 1996, 117). This meaning that when employees have a high sense of control over a change intervention, it means they predict the result associated to it, hence they feel comfortable increasing the probability of sticking to the change.Some authors have treated trust and control as substitutes (e.g. Inkpen Currall, 1997 Leifer Mills, 1996), such(prenominal) that the more trust there is in a partner, the slight need to control its behavior.A contrary approach is presented by rock rabbit Teng (1998) which state that these parallel phenomena hold a supplementary character. According to them, If employees perceptions of control over change represent how comfortable and familiarized employees are concerning the change, what is the feign of lower or higher control in the relationship ming guide with employees and organizational agents? Although the stronger is employees trust in their supervisor, the more committed these employees are to their organization, we believe trust has antitheticalial effects on work outcomes depending on how employees cover change (i.e. how much they feel they control the change process).For this purpose hyrax Teng (1998) explain the concept of organizational change interventions. Organizational change interventions are situations in which both perceptions of trust in the supervisor and control over change are high stake factors because of the risks entailed in them. A situation in which employees have low perceived control over an organizational change intervention is a situation where trust concerns are increased. If an employee has lower control over the change, a trusting relationship with his supervisor will help him maintain his level of commitment to the organization. As a consequence, not lonesome(prenominal) employees with low perceived control over change and low trust in the supervisor are expected to have the last levels of organizational commitment, but also the relationship in the midst of trust in the supervisor and affective organizational commitment is stronger for employees with lower perceptions of control over the change intervention.Brockner et al. (1997) entrap that when trust concerns become more prominent, the level of employees trust in organizational authorities is more likely to mildew their support for the organizational authorities and their organizational commitment.The Hard Side of Change Management The cube FactorsSikrin et al. (2005) has a different opinion on which factors to focus on when bring about the change. Recently the gurus of change management tend t o profits more attention and emphasis on delicate factors such as culture, leadership and motivation. These factors play an integral role in making an organization attain success but one cannot focus on these factors only when an organization needs to be alter. Such basic factors do not always affect the change management programs in organizations. For example, a good leadership is essential to the success of any organization but is not the sole affective factor. Communication plays a major(ip) role when bringing about any change but again, is not the only factor to severely affect the change process. The most difficult factor to change is changing the mindsets of individuals individuals and organizations have certain perceptions and behaviors that are so deeply inculcated in their personality that it is very difficult to steer them in a different direction. Sikrin et al. (2005) also states that while surveys can be conducted to understand the effect of such soft factors such as culture and leadership, it is difficult to quantify such soft factors.An emphasis on the unconventional outlook of change management, the steadfastly factors, is also important to be taken into consideration. These factors have three important characteristics which are as followsOrganizations are capable to evaluate them in immediately or circuitous methods.Organizations can simply correspond their significance, both interior and outside of the organizations.And possibly mainly vital businesses are able to modulate those essentials rapidly.Such important factors that directly affect the change process are the time span taken to undergo a process, the individuals necessary to carry out the various job requirements and ultimately the financial returns that such an occupation leads to.There are numerous researches that depict that hard factors play an essential role in bringing about any sort of change process, else the organizations face failure. (Sikrin et al., 2005). On the ot her hand it is also necessary for the management to pay an equal amount of attention to the soft factors. However, if organizations do not firstly emphasize on the hard factors, the entire change process would result in severe failure.Sikrin et al. (2005) write in their article that they gained an acuteness into a new aspect when they studied and identified the basic factors of change that all processes shared. They conducted a hypothesis that studied how various organizations conducted similar chemise programs. For this purpose the authors studied various industries in various countries in order to take out the common elements. 225 companies were part of the research conducted where it showed that there was a directly related relationship in the midst of the outcome of a change process and tough four elements plan life span, specifically the time between plan feedbacks slaying veracity, or the abilities of project teams the dedication of both higher staff and the lower staff wh om the transform will influence mainly and the extra attempt that peoples must make to manage with the alteration. They named these factors as the dice factors since we could stack them in support of projects accomplishment (Sikrin et al., 2005).According to Sikrin et al. (2005) We washed-up our instruction in 1994, and in the 11 years since then, the Boston Consulting crowd had used those four elements to forecast the results, and direct the completion, of more than 1,000 change management stances globally. Not only has the association held, but no other elements (or combination of these factors) have forecasted results as well.The Four Hard FactorsOrganizations work with the four factors in different ways in order to create new combinations. On one end of the continuum, there are projects that will ultimately face success than the ones that are going to face failure on the other end. For example, Sikrin et al write, At one end, a small plan led by a capable, ambitious, and co nsistent team, led by top management and implemented in a division that is open to the change and has to put in very little further attempt, is destined to thrive. On the other end, a lengthy, designed plan implemented by an unskilled apathetic, and scattered groups, without any higher management sponsors and aim at a function that disapproves the alteration and has to do a excessive efforts, will be unsuccessful. by means of this process the organizations can then take note out which change program fell at which end of the continuum. However, most of the change processes ended up in a neutral position where it was difficult to find out if they were a success or if they had failed. It is the accountability of executives to conduct an in-depth analysis of the DICE factors to decipher which direction the change program go.Following are the DICE factorsD. The time span Duration compulsory concluding a transformed plans if it has a limited duration if not limited, the longevity of t ime between feedbacks of objectives.I. The plans teams performance Integrity that is, its skills to finish the program on time. Which are cogitate to teams abilities and expertise as per plans necessities.C. The Commitment to revolutionize that top hierarchy (C1) and staff affected by the transformation (C2) display.E. The Effort other than the routine work that the transformed initiative necessitates from staffs (Sikrin et.al., 2005).This instruct therefore goes to show that there are multiple methods that could be adopted in order to bring about an effective change management process. what is more, case subject field research shows that there are multiple methods adopted for managing change. While many prescriptions, guidelines and models exist, managers responsible for execution the changes are selective in the way they use these ideas (Storey, 1992).Keeping in mind the above mentioned point of view we can assume that to a major percentageage of the change varies from pers on to person. Those who see themselves as creating organizational change as an intentional process (i.e. top management officially leading change) will have a different perspective to those who are on the receiving end of change (Kanter et al., 1992).Change Management Around the foundingChange Resistance in Bureaucratic Organizations in JordanTo understand why employees resist change Khassawneh (2005) cotton ups the reasons and causes behind employees resistance to administrative change in various bureaucratic organizations in Jordan.There were el blush factors, were identified as being major causes of change resistance in bureaucratic agencies. These factors involve in equal financial and non-financial incentives offered to government employees, deprivation of employees participation and involvement in the change process, distrust between employees and higher management, expectation of more control and supervision from higher management, expectation of additional job demands a nd requirements, comfort with shape quo, disruption of stable work standards and social relations, inadequacy of goal clearness, lack of employees conviction in the goals of change, fear of loosing job and/or job prerogatives, and the jerky and confused manner in which change is introduced (Khassawneh, 2005)According to Khassawneh (2005) the most pregnant reason of resistance to change was found out to be lack of employees participation in the change process. This factor was assessed on the basis of cardinal parameters seniority in organization and number of formulation programs attended by employees. Senior employees who were part of the organization for five years or little resisted strongly due to lack of participation in the change process than their seniors who had served in the organization for periods ranging from 6-20 years. Employees who had served for five years or less in such government institutions made up 32% of the sample (133 respondents). These individuals were involved in activities concerning of an executive nature and therefore played a probatory role in the running of the bureaucratic organizations.Employees who had not attended any training program felt that lack of involvement led to resistance to change. Therefore this attitude goes to show what an important role the training programs play boosting employee morale and involvement as training enables individuals to discover their strengths and weaknesses and also bestow in them a sense of belonging in their organization. Therefore the respondents who did not get an opportunity to participate in any training programs claimed to have low sense of involvement with the organization treated the management with greater suspicion, than those who took part in certain training programs.Another major cause of resistance to change was as found out by Khassawneh (2005) was lack of proper incentives for employees. This lack of proper incentives was correlated to five of background characte ristics of respondents which were namely seniority, administrative rank, number of training programs attended, age and level of training (Khassawneh, 2005). Younger, low level ranking employees resisted more due to lack of proper incentives. Employees who have served for long-lasting periods of time tend to receive greater incentives as the longer they remain in a government organization.Resistance to change also came about when the employees viewed the management with suspicion and distrust (Khassawneh, 2005). Younger employees working at a low level position who did not get adequate decision making authority or those who did not attend ample training programs were mainly the individuals who highly resisted any sort of change.Khassawneh (2005) states that if such low ranking employees are also not given enough information regarding the change process, then such employees would always create issues in the organization.Change Management in Indian BanksHegde George (2002) in their study further highlight reasons of why employees resist to change of shifting towards automated services in the banks. Before the privatization wave began in India, the public sector commanded a major chunk of the economy. Though there was excessive regulatory mechanism there was widespread corruption, a high cost economy and poor performance from the state owned enterprises. State-owned banks were also run in an extremely incompetent manner due to interference from political quarters and as a result these banks were frequently caused to go through bankruptcies. Employees in these banks too were not ready to accept any new changes as they preferred the old practices and lived happily under the umbrella of State protectionism.Hegde George (2002) conducted this at Goa, in which a sample of 100 branch managers (BMs) with the objective of finding out the factors that be active or inhibit BMs in servicing customers. They also focus on the reasons why employees resist any sort of new change taking place in the organization.Transition to a new work methodology was cited as a major factor contributing towards employee resistance. Since the traditional bureaucratic banking practices did not focus so much on customer service, the employees had to be given intense training in how to deal with the customers, how to respond to their queries regarding new services and how to respond to complaint situations. This required a whole new work ethic and attitude to be developed among employees as well as they were not equipped to deal well in the customer dealing sphere. Along with this the staff had to also be trained in the new technological aspects of the innovative banking solutions as well (Hegde George, 2002).Secondly the researchers found out that lack of technological know-how/training also contributed to resistance to change. weapon system managers admitted that they were not aware of all the workings of the new banking system and could not answer customer querie s regarding ATM machines as they were not knowledgeable about the workings of ATMs. Added to this computerization was another major woe of the employees as they employees were give inadequate training where they learned through a trial and flaw process which resulted in delay and frustration with the work at hand. Furthermore the top management frequently decided to change the software being used so the employees had to go through the whole process of learning through trail and error again. Lack of communication and inadequate training resulted in a high level of de-motivation and resistance from the employees who were not willing to accept the new changes as they felt that the new process created more confusion and damage rather than resolving the issues.Hegde George (2002) also discuss how the staff was downsized by the management in order to cut down on its cost where a Voluntary Retirement Scheme was introduced in order to let the staff go. This resulted in paucity of staff a the branches where the few remaining staff was overworked and underpaid which led to further resistance and de-motivation of the staff, many of whom block their job as they felt exploited by the new change management process introduced by the top executives.Through the course of their study, Hegde George (2002) find out that the key to customer satisfaction is firstly employee satisfaction as employees who feel de-motivated and discontented of their jobs and companies exhibit their feelings via not serving the customers properly and even by speaking bad about their company in front of the customers. The main reason why employees resist changing is because the reasons and benefits of the change are not communicated to them, adequate training to deal with new procedures is not provided and furthermore staff is laid off without any prior warning which creates feelings of jeopardy and mistrust towards the organization.Finally resistance to change could have been overcome if the mana gement proceeded to bring about the change process in a taxonomic manner. If all the employees were communicated the plans of the management right in the beginning and the benefits of the change to the employees and the organization were made common knowledge, then the employees would be more emphatic towards the change process. An organization is nothing without the support of its employees and in order to bring about any sort of change the organization has to make sure that its native customers are satisfied before the external customers are serviced.The IBM Making Change Work Global StudyIBMs (2008) research department addressed the issues as to why most organizations cannot bring about a change successfully in an organization. IBMs research was conducted using a sample size of more than 1,500 key practitioners through surveys and detailed interviews. The purpose of the research was to find out why implementing a change management program was met with resistance by the employees and why the program failed to be implemented in most organizations successfully.The study revealed that 44% the projects failed to be completed on deadlines, or within compute or without decided quality of end goals, while 15 percent either ceased or failed to meet any of the objectives. The reasons cited for these failures range from lack of clarity of goals, failure to execute the project successfully from the perspective of the top management and lack of employee involvement, age factor, educational level and fear of new change from the perspective of the employees.The major challenges to change were divided on two parameters soft factors and hard factors. The soft factors of resistance to change included changing mindsets and attitudes, corporate culture, complex nature of the change process, lack of dedication from the side of focal ratio level management, and deficiency of motivation of employees involved. While the hard factors of resistance to change included shortage of resources, lack of change information, not much transparency because of incomplete or unreliable information, change of process change of IT systems, engineering science barriers. Its was found out from this study that while the hard factors play an important part in hindering the process of change, surprisingly it was the soft factors that was harder to get right. Altering thinking, behaviors and norms of an entity typically need different methods and skills that are applied time after time and over the time. Sometimes they require being applied over a series of consecutive assignments and even some of them practically continue after the project has been finished formally. (IBM, 2008).In order to overcome these resistances, the study then focused on the parameters that made a change successful. While leadership, employee engagement and honest communication were cited as the major areas providing drift for change again the list was divided into hard and soft factors that made a change management process successful. The soft factors comprised of higher managements commitment and support, employee motivation and participation, open and accurate communication on timely basis, organization environment and culture that motivates and promotes change. The hard factors included efficient training programs, adjustment of performance measures, efficient organization structure and monetary and non-monetary incentives. The major responsibility of implementing the change was that of the top management. The results of the research revealed that Practitioners firmly place key responsibility for the fate of change projects in the executive suite an overwhelming 92 percent named top management sponsorship as the most important factor for successful change (IBM, 2008).Therefore it can be concluded from this study that while employees would always be suspicious of any kind of change and would resist the efforts of the management out of this fear and suspicion. It depends up on the top management to ensure timely communication, encouragement of employee involvement and appointing of professional change agents would pave the way for a successful change management process for any organization.Factors touch Resistance to Change A Case Study of Two compass north Texas Police DepartmentsGaylor (2001), tried to explore the issues that affect conflict with change. For this purpose a law enforcement agency was chosen as the case in point i.e. two North Texas Police departments where the police consequence of mature education and expectation on the police teams level of opposition to change and the results of character and mutual understanding on reliance were examined.There were 5 factors that were identified as very influential on organizational change. These factors were 1) Employee participation in resistance to change, (2) Trust in management, (3) Communication process, (4) Quality of information procurable and (5) Education (Kent, 2001)Research resulte d that factors that affect resistance from employee side are involvement in the process, believe in management, processes of communication within organization, and exchange of information.The compend by Kent (2001) states that employee involvement in the process of change encourages him to feel to be owner for the new system and therefore, boosts the level of comfort and trust between employees and the management. Secondly, the organization needs to have a proper system of communication for employee remedy and support. This also increases the level of trust between the two stakeholders. Third, employees must be provided with accurate and timely information so as to reduce the level of chaos that is normally created at the time of change in any organization. And finally, to feel secure about their jobs and statuses and other issues of change process, employees have to have a high level of trust in management. ahead(p) and Coping with ChangeWoodword Hendry in 2004 undertook 2 survey s to look at different perspectives in research on how change is being managed in financial services institutions of Londons. These involved representatives of senior management personnel who were responsible for spring of change in the organizational and all other employees inclusive of managers experiencing change while serving at different levels.The aims of the study wereTo define the skills and attitudes required to lead change and those needed effectively to dole out with change andTo develop a model to show how change is absorbed within the organizationThey organized their findings in five parts as quarterd below, which have been arranged in the following manner. In the 1st section, as people keep on seeking to explore that what is going on in their organization, states what the employees and employers consider as the main pressures for change, their formal boss responses, and in what ways these changes have impacted them. Then, as conventional ways of working are tempered , in parts two and three they show how people cope and what different resources are required in terms of skills and competencies to perform well in this new changed environment.Then in part four they describe specific qualities required by the change managers to cultivate with respect to employee needs. Finally, they state what the organizations do in order to support their employees through out the change process, and how senior management and employees percieve this. The results of

The Beginning of Human Life Form Essay -- Artificial Protocells Essays

The Beginning of Human Life FormAs accomplishment and technology advance, an understanding of the generator of life becomes a feasible possibility. unlifelike life research seeks to mimic life and to gain knowledge of the origin of life through reenacting it. This research strives to effect the simplest possible organism that fulfills on the whole of the requirements of life. These researchers define life as that which can evolve, self-reproduce, metabolize, adapt to environmental changes, and, ultimately, die. A fundamental concept behind research attempts is emergent properties, those that arise in more complex levels and are not predictable from the properties of lower stratified levels. Researchers use two approaches to create protolife the pervade up approach strives to create life from nonliving components, while the top down approach attempts to modify living cells to create the simplest possible cell and thus give a glimpse of a possible form of the first living cell. The bottom up approach seems to be the more widely attempted method acting because it is believed that if nature had to start with simple building blocks, we should do the same.There are two theories about the order in which life emerged one assumes the primacy of metabolism and cellular organization while the other assumes the primacy of reproduction and genetic tuition (Lifson). Thus, practically relevant research focuses on determining whether the origin of life began with self-replicating, information storing molecules (such as RNA or PNA) or with other molecules such as lipids or proteins (which form, for instance, encapsulating membranes). Whatever the order in which these characteristics evolved, there are trey components a protocell m... ... Internet enrolment accessed 11/21/04. http//www.geocities.com/giantfideli/CellNEWS_Scientists_to_Create_A_New_Form_of_Life.htmlLifson, Shneior. On the of the essence(p) Stages in the Origin of Animate Matter. Journ al of Molecular Evolution (1997) 441-8.Rasmussen, Chen, et al. Transitions from Nonliving to Living Matter. Science. Volume 303. 02/13/04. Rasmussen, Steen, et al. Bridging Nonliving and Living Matter. (2003). Bada, Jeffrey L. and Antonio Lazeano. Prebiotic dopeRevisiting the Miller Experiment. Science. Vol. 300 745-56. May 2003.Scientists Create a Virus. CreationTalk.com Forum. Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http//www.creationtalk.com/message-board-forum/viewtopic.php?t= 482&view=nextZimmer, Carl. What Came before deoxyribonucleic acid? Discover. Vol. 25 34-41. June 2004.

The Record Companies Decrease in Sales :: Music

The Record Companies Decrease in Sales The music argumentation is experiencing a recession where record sales arereaching incomparable lows. All record companies have in the last few daysexperienced a considerable decrease in sales. Finding the induce or causesof this has natur each(prenominal)y become a major concern for all of them. Some blame the recession in the West in general, notwithstanding that can hardlyexplain why one industry is losing start so much to a greater ex decennaryt than others. Music today is less from the heart and soul than it used to be only ten yearsago. It is mostly a purely commercial product to be used up and thrownaway. A lot of modern music has a short entirely intense life span. People arenot prepared to comprise as much for a disposable product as they are for areusable. The hit song of the week is fed to us all by dint of radio and TVso intensely that we need not bargain the record. And when it is no longerbroadcasted no one rememb ers it. Attempts to change this and promote more quality, depth and originalityin music have not been very successful. The alone entertainment dividing lineis ruled by trends and, quality seems to have kaput(p) turn out of style To simply lower the price of a CD is a commonly suggested solution,naturally advocated by the buyers. But no business favors such a remedy.Not only since it reduces their income but also because it sends out thewrong signals to people. It gives the impression that the product is worthless and that the customers have been aerated too much before. And if theprice can drop by ten per cent this year people might expect it to drop some other ten per cent next year. A better settlement could be enhancing the product and giving peoplemore for their money. Thanks to modern engine room there can be so muchmore accept on a CD than just music. A computer with a CD-ROM drive,which is becoming quite common, allows us to read several contrastive kindsof infor mation off a CD. A short interview with the artist or behind thescenes features can be included as so called Quicktime movies. voice communicationsheets, discographies, extensive biographies and even sheet music canalso be added easily. Text files have such small memory requirementscompared to sound that the watchword can be stored in less space than a conventionlength song There have already been several Cds released which include a

Erectyle Dysfunction :: essays research papers fc

bequeath we ever be able to produce something capable of making us reach the optimum of one of humankinds closely basic needs? result there always be a side effect?Since the beginnings of civilization, state have been obsessed about their sexuality. Men and women have always well-tried to achieve a maximum amount of pleasure in each possible way. For human beings this is obtained through the orgasm. Humans usually attain this is intention through sexual intercourse or masturbation. However, sometimes the psychological and fleshly conditions of a person can deprive him or her from reaching that goal. Thank richly, erudition and anatomy have also always interested mankind. This has helped to find solutions for problems dealing with our sexuality, which, as a matter of fact are very common. The most recurrent and drastic of all these dilemmas is that of impotence.The term "impotence" has traditionally been utilize to signify the inability of the masculine to attain and maintain riseion of the fellow member sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. However, this use has often take to confusing and uninterpretable results in both clinical and basic science investigations. This, unitedly with its pejorative implications, suggests that the more precise term "erectile dys map" be used instead to signify an inability of the male to achieve an erect appendage as part of the overall multifaceted process of male sexual function. Erectile dysfunction affects millions of men. Although for some men erectile function may not be the best or most principal(prenominal) measure of sexual satisfaction, for many men erectile dysfunction creates psychological stress that affects their interactions with family and associates. All these things might be very interesting, but to fully understand erectile dysfunction we must first take a look into the physiology of the male erection.In its most common form, the male erectile rejoinder is ini tiated by a central nervous system event that integrates psychogenic stimuli (perception, desire, etc.) and controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the penis. Parasympathetic input allows an erection by relaxation of trabecular smooth muscle and dilation of the helicine arteries of the penis. This fills the spongy meander that forms the penis with short letter a process referred to as the corporal veno stop consonant mechanism. The erectile tissues must have sufficient stiffness to compress the blood vessels penetrating it so that venous outflow is blocked and sufficient tumescence and rigidity can occur. Constriction of the trabecular smooth muscle and helicine arteries induced by sympathetic innervation makes the penis flaccid, with blood pressure in the cavernosal sinuses of the penis near venous pressure.

Communities of Lantern Yard and Raveloes Influence on the Development

Communities of Lantern grand and Raveloes Influence on the ripening of Silas Marners CharacterSilas Marner, The Weaver of Raveloe was, in my opinion, greatlyinfluenced by the deuce communities in which he spent his life. Thefirst, Lantern Yarn was a religious community that is firing through aperiod of industrial enterprise during the fabrication, whereas Raveloe, wherewe remain for the large cleave of the novel, has not as yet felt theindustrial revolution and is the countryside of community and society.It is humourous that the two communities were so different yet they bothdrove Silas to pass inward (though the influence of certain Raveloecitizens last made him turn outward again).In George Eliots novel, we short-change a softwood about community and we support cona clear translation of what this means. In Lantern Yard, the community dispenses its muscular Christian beliefs age Raveloe habitants all sh ara sack out for affable behaviour and share an understanding of a clearclass system. date both groups of plurality (Lantern Yard and Raveloe)are very different, they both specify us that a community is the peopleof an area who share their origins, beliefs and/or interests.In Lantern Yard, Silas was a highly regarded, turgid member of thecommunity. He was healthful educated and it was in Lantern Yard that hestarted to turn away from the companionship of medicinal herbs that hismother had taught him. In Lantern Yard, Silas was passing trustingand open. We also see early on in the novel that Silas had a clear expertness to love. A religious man, he comprise enjoyment in the take ofreligious matters and he fell in love with a char named Sarah. Hewas, however, betrayed by his best acquaintanceship William Dane (Waif) andbrought to a... ...harp contrastswith chapter twenty-one. Eliot also uses colours to take a leak a morevivid ambit for the reader, one you can closely feel yourself beingpart of and while Lantern Yard is, to Eppie a t to the lowest degree a dark, uglyplace and worse than the workhouse Raveloe remains light, friendlyand a pretty home.In conclusion, Silas Marners flake was greatly influenced by thetwo communities in which he spent his life. Firstly, Lantern Yard, his original home, caused him to turn inward and strained him to enter intoa downward spiral, something from which he was eventually lifted bythe Raveloe community. While Raveloe did, at first hold him to carryon in isolation, the community eventually changed his character, andaided him in the path to self denudation as he subconsciouslyendeavoured to learn to trust again, learn to love again and how to beloved. Communities of Lantern Yard and Raveloes Influence on the Development Communities of Lantern Yard and Raveloes Influence on the Development of Silas Marners CharacterSilas Marner, The Weaver of Raveloe was, in my opinion, greatlyinfluenced by the two communities in which he spent his life. Thefirst, Lantern Y arn was a religious community that is going through aperiod of industrialisation during the novel, whereas Raveloe, wherewe remain for the large part of the novel, has not yet felt theindustrial revolution and is the countryside of community and society.It is ironic that the two communities were so different yet they bothdrove Silas to turn inward (though the influence of certain Raveloecitizens eventually made him turn outwards again).In George Eliots novel, we learn a lot about community and we can seea clear definition of what this means. In Lantern Yard, the communityshares its potent Christian beliefs while Raveloe habitants all sharea love for social behaviour and share an understanding of a clearclass system. While both groups of people (Lantern Yard and Raveloe)are very different, they both show us that a community is the peopleof an area who share their origins, beliefs and/or interests.In Lantern Yard, Silas was a highly regarded, prominent member of thecommunity. He was w ell educated and it was in Lantern Yard that hestarted to turn away from the knowledge of medicinal herbs that hismother had taught him. In Lantern Yard, Silas was extremely trustingand open. We also see early on in the novel that Silas had a clearability to love. A religious man, he found enjoyment in the debate ofreligious matters and he fell in love with a woman named Sarah. Hewas, however, betrayed by his best friend William Dane (Waif) andbrought to a... ...harp contrastswith chapter twenty-one. Eliot also uses colours to create a morevivid image for the reader, one you can almost feel yourself beingpart of and while Lantern Yard is, to Eppie at least a dark, uglyplace and worse than the workhouse Raveloe remains light, friendlyand a pretty home.In conclusion, Silas Marners character was greatly influenced by thetwo communities in which he spent his life. Firstly, Lantern Yard, hisoriginal home, caused him to turn inward and forced him to enter intoa downward spiral, something from which he was eventually lifted bythe Raveloe community. While Raveloe did, at first allow him to carryon in isolation, the community eventually changed his character, andaided him in the path to self discovery as he subconsciouslyendeavoured to learn to trust again, learn to love again and how to beloved.

Essay --

After the fiscal crisis of 2008 there has been a dramatic decr quieten of foreign direct enthronisation funds (FDI) around the gentleman. Particularly the rapid decline in inflows has affected the recuperation speed of FDI around the world. Inflows into Europe contracted by 42% and to northern America by 21%, inflows to Australia and New Zealand together declined by 14% 1. However there are few exceptions to the trend, such as the joined Kingdom who have managed to keep its FDI attraction. UNCTAD has confirmed that FDI inflows into the UK have risen by 22% 2 over the past year. Inward FDI into the UKIn the exsert 30 years the UK has put in a lot of bowel movement to dramatically incr solace the inflows of FDI into the country. The strategy succeeded due to the rich and diverse ecosystem of the UK and ease of doing business. The inflow FDI has shown constant growth until 2000, which peaked to $118.8 billion. The IT bubble burst in 2000 caused a dramatic fall in IFDI which can b e illustrated in Figure 1. The downfall resulted in the UK attracting altogether $16.8 billion in 2003. The data shows that the FDI inflows boosted in the period of 2004-2007, and that Mergers and Acquisitions that the Multinational Corporations used to enter the UK, as swell up as the reduced interest rate, can explain this.Due to the fast collapse of the worlds economy in 2008 M&A became an unfavourable method of FDI and in just one year IFDI into UK shrank by 50%. The trend continued up to 2011, as the FDI pattern locomote towards investments into third world countries and developing nations. This enormous change in the FDI interpret after the financial crisis is mainly due to a decline in investments from transnational corporations that are located in the European Union. As the worlds economy has... ...T and communications sector in the UK is likely to expect attractive and to increase its share of IFDI. The plans for UK network companies to move to 4G speed only open o pportunities for foreign investors. Overall, I believe that foreign direct investment is going to increase within the next 5 years. Even though the manufacturing sector is likely to shrink, IT and business services will make up for the losses. Due to the nature of the UK economy and a high diversity and meliorate pool of labour, the IT and Business industries are going to expand. UK is already one of the nigh favourable countries in the world for IT and financial services due to its ease of doing business, the attractive corporate and personal tax environment, the preferred use of both the English language and English law in business operations, and the UKs involvement in the European Single Market7.

Miles Franklins My Brilliant Career Essay -- Franklin My Brilliant Ca

Miles Franklins My pictorial Career Topic Give a expand analysis of a key scene or passage from My Brilliant Career by Miles Franklin. The focus and essence of My Brilliant Career by Miles Franklin is centred on the kinds and interactions of Sybylla Melvyn (the key character of the novel), towards other characters. The ways in which she reacts to distinguishable people and wherefore she reacts in a particular manner, are possibly more crucial and intriguing to the reader, than any distinct event throughout the novel. Sybyllas logic and thinking about herself, others and life, have been moulded by her very prestigious relationships with her mother and father. Her view on life and the roles of men and women has also been influenced by literature she has read. Moreover, her affinity with her parents in childhood and as a vernal charr has plainly made its mark on her further relationships, peculiarly with men. The most prominent male relationship Sybylla encounters is with her lover, Harold Beecham. Sybyllas relationship with Harold as draw in Chapter 20 illustrates the influences of her parents and literature. In Chapter 20, Sybylla hits Harold across the face with a equitation whip, when he tries to kiss her. Yet Harold Beecham appears to be the complete figure and the perfect man and indeed, Sybylla loves him, although she does not like to admit this. For example, her train of thought was disrupt by our host, who appeared in the doorway, clad from sole to neck in innocence (Franklin 137). He is her knight in shining amour, but even so she strikes him. To Sybylla, Harold always appears somewhat forbidden. Perhaps subconsciously, he is the materialised embodiment of her father, Richard Melvyn. In her e... ...y express Is this not rather sudden? You have given me no inkling of your intentions (Franklin 140). Perhaps still disturbed by his manner, this is partly the reason why she hits Harold afterwards. Sybylla Melvyn is simply a confused adolescen t, with all the problems and feelings of a young woman growing up. She has a large amount of emotional turmoil in her mind and is doing what she can to adjust to her ever changing environment. Sybylla is paranoid and mental case and her values, beliefs and ideals have been easily influenced by her childhood relationship with her parents. As a consequence, her actions reflect these influences, which are deeply etched in her mind. By examining her relationship with Harold Beecham we are able to understand that her attitude towards his affections are a take of both her parents influence and her reading material.

Sylvia Plaths Poetry Essay -- Sylvia Plath Poem Essays

Sylvia Plaths Poetry Wrapped in gaseous mystique, Sylvia Plaths poetry has taken up(p) enthusiastic subscribers since immediately after her death in February, 1963. Like her eyes, her quarrel are sharp, apt tools which brand her message on the brains and hearts of her readers. With severally reading, she initiates them forever into the shrouded, vestal clan of her own mind. How is the reader to interpret those singeing, cantabile words? Her work may be read as a lone monument, with no ties to the world she left behind. But in doing so, the reader merely grazes the surface of her rich poetics. Her poetry is largely autobiographical, particularly Ariel and The buzzer Jar, and it is from this frame of mind that the reader interprets the work as a complex, crushing, confessional weather vane that most truly describes the mythic Sylvia Plath. Her two most significant volumes of poetry, The colossus and Ariel, flesh out her poetic lexicon wading through the deep, patterned int ernal ear of her poetry with her life as a guide.Title piece to her low collection of poems, The Colossus is a daughters attempt to recast her dead father in the fallen statue at Rhodes his death golf-club days after her eighth birthday left an imprint upon her imagination that time did not erase or soften (Butscher 3). Because Plath never rattling knew her father as a healthy man (Stevenson 12), she likens him to this decrepit pitfall which, as an archaeologist, she must piece together with gluepots and pails / of lysol (Plath C. 20). In reality, she must do as an emotional archaeologist in order to reconcile her loss, to retaliate herself on her father for leaving her. She attempts, continually, to prove herself to him as a kidskin she continually showcased her artis... ...Colossus. 1998. New York Vintage International New York Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1962.Rosenblatt, Jon. Sylvia Plath The Poetry of Initiation. chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press, 1979.Steven son, Anne. Bitter Fame. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1989.Van Dyne, Susan R. Revising breeding Sylvia Plaths Ariel Poems. Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press, 1993.Fueling the Phoenix burn up The Manuscripts of Sylvia Plaths Lady Lazarus . Sylvia Plath. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. 133-147.Works ConsultedBroe, Mary Lynn. Protean poetic The Poetry of Sylvia Plath. Colombia University of Missouri Press, 1980.Plath, Sylvia. The Journals of Sylvia Plath. New York Anchor Books, 1998. Strangeways, Al. Sylvia Plath The Shaping of Shadows. Cranbury Associated University Presses, 1998.

Womens Identity in the Early 1900s Essay examples -- Women Studies,

Ibsen wrote this go in 1879. It is a three-act play with prose dialogue. The play takes place in the 19th vitamin C in Europe. It is a play about a woman, who struggles to find her bear identity. The of import point is wo men conduct treated as humans and not dolls. Women motivating to get it on their place and that they have rights. They also have duties as a wife and mother. As a wife, they need to be creditworthy and as a mother, they need to be map models. As do husbands need to respect their wife and know that, they have their own opinions and highborn to them. Women cannot be good wives and role models to their children, if they do not know who they ar and what their roles argon in life. Ibsen uses the symbolizationism in his consideration to show diverse aspects of Noras case and reveal the typography of womens identity in the early 1900s. Symbolism, is apply forrader the play even begins. The title A Dolls House is a symbol of tendencies for char acters to play roles. The toughenedting is in Helmers apartment the set is set up to furnish the thought it is his home and not hers (obj. 3). Nora returns with a Christmas head setting the mood for the play (obj. 3). She also brings presents for the children. The presents signify pushing roles onto the children (obj. 3). Helmer crop to deal Nora his little lark and little squirrel (pg. 1559). She answers yes (pg. 1559) right a elbow room sledding the popular opinion that she is inferior comp bed to Helmer. He treats her in a demeaning way that she tolerates because she sincerely knows no different. This also sets the t peerless that Helmer is superior over Nora end-to-end the play (obj. 3). He shows us his superiority over her with the macaroons that he forbids her to have. provided she has them in any event and hide... ...he image of man therefore, women have the same capabilities as do men (obj. 1). Every human being in life is lucifer and necessarily treat ed with respect and dignity (obj. 1). Ibsen is aware that women need to know who they are in order to be productive in society. He does a good job of bringing out the overall theme in A Dolls House of womens identity (obj. 2).In the theme, we are qualified to tick off his view of women and their need to be independent. Ibsen used symbolism to ready the characters and the role of womens identity in society. This is not a typical twist of a home in 19th century, which left the ending create considerable controversies. Ibsen was taking a stand when he wrote this play (obj. 1). In the way, he wrote the play using Nora as the protagonist and Torvald as the antagonist, make this one of the best-constructed plays of the 19th century. Womens Identity in the Early 1900s Essay examples -- Women Studies, Ibsen wrote this play in 1879. It is a three-act play with prose dialogue. The play takes place in the 19th century in Europe. It is a play about a woman, who struggles to find her own identity. The main point is women need treated as humans and not dolls. Women need to know their place and that they have rights. They also have duties as a wife and mother. As a wife, they need to be trustworthy and as a mother, they need to be role models. As do husbands need to respect their wife and know that, they have their own opinions and titled to them. Women cannot be good wives and role models to their children, if they do not know who they are and what their roles are in life. Ibsen uses the symbolism in his setting to show various aspects of Noras character and reveal the theme of womens identity in the early 1900s. Symbolism, is used before the play even begins. The title A Dolls House is a symbol of tendencies for characters to play roles. The setting is in Helmers apartment the set is set up to furnish the thought it is his home and not hers (obj. 3). Nora returns with a Christmas tree setting the mood for the play (obj. 3). She also brings presents for the children. The presents signify pushing roles onto the children (obj. 3). Helmer proceeds to call Nora his little lark and little squirrel (pg. 1559). She answers yes (pg. 1559) right away leaving the impression that she is inferior compared to Helmer. He treats her in a demeaning way that she tolerates because she really knows no different. This also sets the tone that Helmer is superior over Nora throughout the play (obj. 3). He shows us his superiority over her with the macaroons that he forbids her to have. Yet she has them anyway and hide... ...he image of man therefore, women have the same capabilities as do men (obj. 1). Every human being in life is equal and needs treated with respect and dignity (obj. 1). Ibsen is aware that women need to know who they are in order to be productive in society. He does a good job of bringing out the overall theme in A Dolls House of womens identity (obj. 2).In the theme, we are able to see his view of w omen and their need to be independent. Ibsen used symbolism to define the characters and the role of womens identity in society. This is not a typical structure of a home in 19th century, which left the ending causing immense controversies. Ibsen was taking a stand when he wrote this play (obj. 1). In the way, he wrote the play using Nora as the protagonist and Torvald as the antagonist, made this one of the best-constructed plays of the 19th century.